Wearable electrochemical biosensors in North America

Tremendous research and commercialization efforts around the world are focused on developing novel wearable electrochemical biosensors that can noninvasively continuously screen for biochemical markers in body fluids prognosis, diagnosis management of diseases, as well monitoring fitness. Researchers North America leading development innovative platforms comfortably comply to human efficiently sample such sweat, interstitial fluids, tear saliva detection biomarkers through various sensing approaches potentiometric ion selective electrodes amperometric enzymatic sensors. We start this review with a historical timeline overviewing major milestones sensors by American institutions. then describe how have led pioneering developments driving advancement sensors: from minimally invasive continuous glucose monitors chronic disease non-invasive sweat electrolyte dehydration fitness applications. While many countries across globe contributed significantly rapidly emerging field, their contributions beyond scope review. Furthermore, we share our perspective promising future applications spanning remote personalized healthcare wellness.